Enhancing the Right to Education through Distance Education in China
Main Article Content
Abstract
Drawing from the content analysis of distance education, this Paper explores the
relationship between the current and past realities in China and increasing access, equity and
higher educational opportunities. While access, equity and higher educational opportunities
remained on paper during the Great Leap and the Great Cultural Revolution when politics took
precedence over educational policies, it was in the Post-Mao era that access, equity and higher
educational opportunities were addressed to some extent. Although distance education in China
has the potential to serve people of all ages, the practice of its imperial examination system
makes people unconvinced as to whether distance education in China is capable of enhancing
the right to education.
Article Details
The work published in AjDE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY).
References
Education, (2000). China to implement distance-learning project. Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200001/28/eng20000128U101.html Education Report 2000, (n.d.). The Right to Education towards Education for All throughout Life. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from http://www.unesco.org/education/information/wer/PDFeng/wholewer.PDF Gibson, C. C. (2006). Increasing equity: Seeking mainstream advantages for all. In K. P. King & J. K. Griggs (Eds.), Harnessing innovative technology in higher education: Access, policy, & instruction (pp. 133-150). Madison, WI: ATWOOD PUBLISHING. Kaplan, F. M., Sobin, J. M., & Andors, S. (1979). Encyclopedia of china today. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. Kelly, M. F. (2002). The political implications of E-learning. Higher Education in Europe, 27(3), 211216. King, K. P. (2006). Introduction. In K. P. King & J. K. Griggs (Eds.), Harnessing innovative technology in higher education: Access, policy, & instruction (pp. 15-28). Madison, WI: ATWOOD PUBLISHING. Kwong, J. (1983). Is everyone equal before the system of grades: Social background and opportunities in China. The British Journal of Sociology, 34, 93-108. Lee, D. (2004). Web-based instruction in China: Cultural and pedagogical implications and challenges. Educational Technology Research & Development, 52(1), pp. 101-105. Li, W. L. (1996). A comparative study of the Chinese education system. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 22(4), 239-254. Mau, J. H. (2003). The cost issues of network education and its ups and downs. Retrieved December 4, 2004, from http://www.Online-edu.org/article/3081.html Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mezirow, J. (1978). Education for perspective transformation; Women's re-entry programs in community colleges. New York: Teacher's College, Columbia University. Mezirow, J. (1981). “A critical theory of adult learning and education.” Adult Education, 32, 3-24. Mezirow, J. (1990). Fostering critical reflection in adulthood: A guide to transformative and emancipatory learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning: Theory to practice. In P. Cranton (Ed.). Transformative learning in action. New Directions in Adult and Continuing Education, no. 74. (pp. 5-12). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mezirow, J. (Ed.). (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Pepper, S. (1991). Post-Mao reforms in Chinese education: Can the ghosts of the past be laid to rest? In I. Epstein (Ed.), Chinese education problems, policies, and prospects (pp. 1-41). New York: GARLAND PUBLISHING INC. Sci-Edu, (2000). Distance education opens minds. Retrieved February 23, 2007 from http://english.people.com.cn/english/200010/30/eng20001030_53911.html United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, (2002). Speeches by John Daniel, Assistant Director-General for Education. Retrieved February 23, 2007, from http://www.unesco.org/education/html/daniel_speeches.shtml Wang, V. (2004-2005). Adult education reality: three generations, different transformation The impact of social context: three generations of Chinese adult learners. Perspectives: The New York Journal of Adult Learning, 3(1), 17-32. Wang, V. (2005). Perceptions of Teaching Preferences of Online Instructors. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 16(3), 33-54. Wang, V. C. X. (2006). A Chinese work ethic in a global community. International Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 14(2), 39-52. Wang, V. , & Bott, P. A. (2003-2004). Modes of teaching of Chinese adult educators. The New York Journal of Adult Learning, 2(2), 32-51. Wang, V. C. X., & Kreysa, P. (2006). Instructional strategies of distance education instructors in China. The Journal of Educators Online, 3(1), 1-25.
Yang, D. P. (2005). China’s education in 2003 from growth to reform (J. Eagleton). Chinese Education and Society, 38(4), 11-45. (Original work published in 2003) Yu, B., & Xu, H. Y. (1988). Adult higher education: A case study on the workers’ colleges in the People’s Republic of China. Paris, UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning.