Distance Higher Education and MOOCs in China
Main Article Content
Abstract
China has the largest higher education system in the world. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the literature on distance higher education, including MOOCs, development in China, its accompanying practices, challenges, and opportunities. The study also offers recommendations derived from the literature on how to make distance higher education benefit more Chinese. This study is mainly a literature review and the related discussion. I conducted a review of Chinese literature on distance higher education and MOOCs. I also reviewed well-known English international journals for articles on distance higher education and MOOCs in China. In addition, I reviewed the relevant information available at the website of the Chinese Ministry of Education. The study summarizes all the literature reviewed and concludes with a note on the probable direction of the future development of Chinese distance higher education, particularly MOOCs.
Article Details
How to Cite
LI, X. (2019). Distance Higher Education and MOOCs in China. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 14(1), 7 - 20. Retrieved from https://asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/293
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Articles
The work published in AjDE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY).
References
Boubsil, O., Carabajal, K., & Vidal, M. (2011). Implications of Globalization for Distance Education in the United States. American Journal of Distance Education, 25(1), 5-20.
Chen, B. (2017). 教育部长陈宝生：办人民满意教育要送出4个“红包”、啃下3个“硬骨头”[Minister Chen: We need to offer four“red envelopes” and overcome three“difficult barriers” in providing satisfactory education]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2017n/xwfb_2017zbqt/201711/t20171130_320331.html
Chen, B. (2018). 中国教育：波澜壮阔四十年[Chinese education: 40 years of significant development]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_176/201812/t20181217_363758.html
Chen, B. (2019). 落实落实再落实——在2019年全国教育工作会议上的讲话[Implementation, implementation, and implementation ̶ speech at the 2019 national education work conference]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_176/201901/t20190129_368518.html
Chen, W., & Jia, J. (2016). Comparison of online and onsite students’ learning outcomes and experiences in a massively open online course in China. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 9(1), 67-88.
China Education Association for International Exchange. (2015). 2015中国高等教育国际化发展状况调查报告 [2015 report on the internationalization of Chinese higher education]. Retrieved from http://www.ceaie.edu.cn/uploads/201604/13/G413377809693937.pdf
China Internet Network Information Center. (2019). 第 43次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[The 43 China Statistical Report on Internet Development]. Retrieved from: http://www.cac.gov.cn/wxb_pdf/0228043.pdf
Diver, P., &Martinez, I. (2015). MOOCs as a massive research laboratory: opportunities and challenges. Distance Education, 36(1), 5-25.
Fang, X., Chui, X., & Yang, G. (2016). 慕课学习支持服务滿意度研究[Satisfaction from MOOC learning support service based on a structural equation model]. Open Education Research, 22(5), 76-85.
Fang, X., & Yang, G. (2016). 高校教师慕课教学行为意向影响因素研究[Research on the factors influencing college teachers’ behaviour intention for MOOC teaching]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 67-76.
Henderikx, M., Kreijns, K., &Kalz, M. (2017). Refining success and dropout in massive open online courses based on the intention–behavior gap. Distance Education, 38(3), 353-368.
Lee, D., Watson, S., & Watson, W. (2019). Systematic literature review on self-regulated learning in massive open online courses. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3749
Li, Y. (2011). 开放大学国际合作模式探究 [An exploration of international cooperation among open universities]. Distance Education in China, 11.
Li, B., & Li, Y. (2016). 超级开放在线课程：机遇和挑战[Super open online courses: Challenges and opportunities]. Open Education Research, 23(5), 46-54.
Li, K. (2019). 发展更加公平更有质量的教育[Developing more equitable education of better quality].http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/201903/t20190306_372341.html
Li, S., Chen, L., & Zheng, Q. (2016).中国MOOCs课程设计调查研究[A survey of MOOCs design in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 46-52.
Li, X., & Wang, X. (2017). Chapter 5 Globalisation of higher education: A Chinese perspective. In J. Branch, A. Horsted, & C. Nygaard (Eds.). Globalisation of Higher Education (pp. 81-94). Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire: Libri Publishing Ltd.
Li, Y. (2011). 开放大学国际合作模式探究 [An exploration of international cooperation among open universities]. Distance Education in China, 11.
Liu, F., Sun, F., Wang, Y., & Wei, S. (2015).MOOCs背景下的开放大学课程建设[The development of open universities’ curricula with the consideration of MOOCs]. Distance Education in China, 1,16-23.
Liu, M., Kang, J., Cao, M., Lim, M., Ko, Y., Myers, R.,& Weiss, A. (2014). Understanding MOOCs as an emerging online learning tool: Perspectives from the students. American Journal of Distance Education, 28(3), 147-159.
Liu, M., & Wang, Y. (2016).MOOCs学习活动分类研究与设计分析[Classification of learning activities and design analysis of MOOCs]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 103-113.
Lu, Z. (2018, April 18). 在线教育市场达1700亿慕课选学人次达7000万“互联网+”开辟中国教育新天地[Online education market is 170 billion yuan with 70 million MOOC students, “Internet +” opens new horizon for Chinese education]. Retrieved from http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0418/c1006-29932599.html
Ma, H., Yuan, L., Bai, X., Fan, L., Mei, F., Sun, B., & Luo,H. (2017).基于MOOC的中外合作混合教学实践创新[A new MOOC-based collaborated blended learning model between Chinese and British academics]. Open Education Research, 22(5), 68-75.
Ministry of Education. (2015, April 16). 教育部关于加强高等学校在线开放课程建设应用与管理的意见[Directive on the strengthening of building and administration of open online courses provided by higher education institutions].Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/201504/t20150416_189454.html
Ministry of Education. (2015, November 17). 千所高校50万学生“远程”拿学分 [500,000 students from over 1,000 higher education institutions have earned credits through “distance education”]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/moe_1485/201511/t20151117_219283.html
Ministry of Education. (2017, January).教育部2017年工作要点[Ministry of Education Work Priorities for 2017]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A02/s7049/201702/t20170214_296174.html?authkey=1a4v7
Ministry of Education. (2017, July).教育部办公厅关于开展2017年国家精品在线开放课程认定工作的通知[The Notice from the Ministry of Education’s General Office on the Recognition of National High Quality Open Online Courses in 2017]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s5664/moe_1623/s3843/201707/t20170728_310304.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, January 15).教育部推出首批490门“国家精品在线开放课程”情况介绍[The Ministry of Education Introduced the First Batch of 490 National High Quality Open Online Courses]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2018n/xwfb_20180115/sfcl/201801/t20180112_324462.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, April 18). 教育部关于印发《教育信息化2.0行动计划》的通知[The Ministry of Education announced the “Education informationalization 2.0 action plan”]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/s3342/201804/t20180425_334188.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, October 17).加快建设高水平本科教育全面提高人才培养能力[Expedite the development of quality undergraduate education and comprehensively enhance the capacity of educating talents]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s271/201810/t20181017_351821.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, February 22).教育部2019年工作要点[Ministry of Education Work Priorities for 2019]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201902/t20190222_370722.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, March 27). 2018年度我国出国留学人员情况统计 [2018 statistics of Chinese going overseas for education]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201903/t20190327_375704.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, April 12). 2018年来华留学统计[2018 foreign students statistics].Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201904/t20190412_377692.html
Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development.(2018).Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en
Qayyum, A., Zipf, S., Gungor, R., &Dillon, J. (2019). Financial aid and student persistence in online education in the United States. Distance Education, 40(1), 20-31.
Qiu, W. (2017). 高等教育慕课市场的学分认定机制[Mechanisms of credit award for MOOCs in higher education markets]. Open Education Research, 23(2), 64-74.
Sharma, R. C. (2018). Is open and distance education ready for the digital innovations? Distance Education in China, 8, pp. 31-45. DOI：10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.20180525.001
State Council. (2017). 国务院关于印发国家教育事业发展“十三五”规划的通知
[The State Council announced the national education development plan “the 13th 5 year plan”]. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/19/content_5161341.htm
Sun, Y. (2016, September 1). 直播能否助力在线教育?[Will live broadcasting facilitate online education?]. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 8.
Sun, H., Zheng, Q., & Chen, L. (2016).中国MOOCs教学交互状况调查研究[A survey of MOOC instructional interaction in China]. Open Education Research, 22(1), 72-79.
Tang, H., &Carr-Chellman, A. (2016). Massive open online course and educational equality in China: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Educational Technology Development andExchange, 9(1), 49-66.
Trehan. S., Sanzgiri, J., Chenxi, L., Rongsbeng, W., & Joshi, R. M. (2017).
Wang, L. (2011). 开放教育资源的社会化分析[A socialization analysis of open education resources]. Distance Education in China, 7.
Wu, D. (2018). 让在线教育回归教育的本质[Let online education return to its nature]. Retrieved from
Xu, H. (2016). Background, developments, and trends of open distance education in China. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/OECDEDU/open-distance-education-in-china-trends-and-developments-by-haixia-xu-chinese-ministry-of-education
Xu, J.,& Rees, T. (2016). Distance learning course design expectations in China and the United Kingdom. American Journal of Distance Education, 30(4), 250-263.
Yang, G. (2016). MOOC用户持续使用行为影响因素研究[A study of factors that influence learners’ continued use of MOOC]. Open Education Research, 22(1), 100-111.
Yin, B., Zheng, Q., & Chen, L. (2016). 中国MOOCs证书授予及学分认定调查研究[A survey of MOOCs certification and accreditation in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 30-37.
Young, J. (2019). Article in journal ‘Science’ argues MOOC participation is declining as providers pivot. EdSurge. Retrieved fromhttps://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-01-10-article-in-journal-science-argues-mooc-participation-is-declining-as-providers-pivot
Yue, H., & Cao, K. (2019). 数读2018年全国教育事业发展基本情况[Understanding 2018 national education development data]. Retrieved from http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0226/c1006-30903614.html
Zhang, M., Yin, S., Luo, L.,& Yan, W. (2017). Learner control, user characteristics, platform difference, and their role in adoption intention for MOOC learning in China.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 114-133.
Zhao, A. (2015, October 13). Chinese MOOCs have students from 126 countries and economies. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 4.
Zhao, X. (2015, November 30). Chinese MOOCAP is launched. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 4.
Zheng, Q., Chen, Y., & Chen, L. (2016). 中国MOOCs学习者学习素养调查研究[A survey of MOOC learners’ competency in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 38-45.
Chen, B. (2017). 教育部长陈宝生：办人民满意教育要送出4个“红包”、啃下3个“硬骨头”[Minister Chen: We need to offer four“red envelopes” and overcome three“difficult barriers” in providing satisfactory education]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2017n/xwfb_2017zbqt/201711/t20171130_320331.html
Chen, B. (2018). 中国教育：波澜壮阔四十年[Chinese education: 40 years of significant development]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_176/201812/t20181217_363758.html
Chen, B. (2019). 落实落实再落实——在2019年全国教育工作会议上的讲话[Implementation, implementation, and implementation ̶ speech at the 2019 national education work conference]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_176/201901/t20190129_368518.html
Chen, W., & Jia, J. (2016). Comparison of online and onsite students’ learning outcomes and experiences in a massively open online course in China. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 9(1), 67-88.
China Education Association for International Exchange. (2015). 2015中国高等教育国际化发展状况调查报告 [2015 report on the internationalization of Chinese higher education]. Retrieved from http://www.ceaie.edu.cn/uploads/201604/13/G413377809693937.pdf
China Internet Network Information Center. (2019). 第 43次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[The 43 China Statistical Report on Internet Development]. Retrieved from: http://www.cac.gov.cn/wxb_pdf/0228043.pdf
Diver, P., &Martinez, I. (2015). MOOCs as a massive research laboratory: opportunities and challenges. Distance Education, 36(1), 5-25.
Fang, X., Chui, X., & Yang, G. (2016). 慕课学习支持服务滿意度研究[Satisfaction from MOOC learning support service based on a structural equation model]. Open Education Research, 22(5), 76-85.
Fang, X., & Yang, G. (2016). 高校教师慕课教学行为意向影响因素研究[Research on the factors influencing college teachers’ behaviour intention for MOOC teaching]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 67-76.
Henderikx, M., Kreijns, K., &Kalz, M. (2017). Refining success and dropout in massive open online courses based on the intention–behavior gap. Distance Education, 38(3), 353-368.
Lee, D., Watson, S., & Watson, W. (2019). Systematic literature review on self-regulated learning in massive open online courses. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3749
Li, Y. (2011). 开放大学国际合作模式探究 [An exploration of international cooperation among open universities]. Distance Education in China, 11.
Li, B., & Li, Y. (2016). 超级开放在线课程：机遇和挑战[Super open online courses: Challenges and opportunities]. Open Education Research, 23(5), 46-54.
Li, K. (2019). 发展更加公平更有质量的教育[Developing more equitable education of better quality].http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/201903/t20190306_372341.html
Li, S., Chen, L., & Zheng, Q. (2016).中国MOOCs课程设计调查研究[A survey of MOOCs design in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 46-52.
Li, X., & Wang, X. (2017). Chapter 5 Globalisation of higher education: A Chinese perspective. In J. Branch, A. Horsted, & C. Nygaard (Eds.). Globalisation of Higher Education (pp. 81-94). Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire: Libri Publishing Ltd.
Li, Y. (2011). 开放大学国际合作模式探究 [An exploration of international cooperation among open universities]. Distance Education in China, 11.
Liu, F., Sun, F., Wang, Y., & Wei, S. (2015).MOOCs背景下的开放大学课程建设[The development of open universities’ curricula with the consideration of MOOCs]. Distance Education in China, 1,16-23.
Liu, M., Kang, J., Cao, M., Lim, M., Ko, Y., Myers, R.,& Weiss, A. (2014). Understanding MOOCs as an emerging online learning tool: Perspectives from the students. American Journal of Distance Education, 28(3), 147-159.
Liu, M., & Wang, Y. (2016).MOOCs学习活动分类研究与设计分析[Classification of learning activities and design analysis of MOOCs]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 103-113.
Lu, Z. (2018, April 18). 在线教育市场达1700亿慕课选学人次达7000万“互联网+”开辟中国教育新天地[Online education market is 170 billion yuan with 70 million MOOC students, “Internet +” opens new horizon for Chinese education]. Retrieved from http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0418/c1006-29932599.html
Ma, H., Yuan, L., Bai, X., Fan, L., Mei, F., Sun, B., & Luo,H. (2017).基于MOOC的中外合作混合教学实践创新[A new MOOC-based collaborated blended learning model between Chinese and British academics]. Open Education Research, 22(5), 68-75.
Ministry of Education. (2015, April 16). 教育部关于加强高等学校在线开放课程建设应用与管理的意见[Directive on the strengthening of building and administration of open online courses provided by higher education institutions].Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/201504/t20150416_189454.html
Ministry of Education. (2015, November 17). 千所高校50万学生“远程”拿学分 [500,000 students from over 1,000 higher education institutions have earned credits through “distance education”]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/moe_1485/201511/t20151117_219283.html
Ministry of Education. (2017, January).教育部2017年工作要点[Ministry of Education Work Priorities for 2017]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A02/s7049/201702/t20170214_296174.html?authkey=1a4v7
Ministry of Education. (2017, July).教育部办公厅关于开展2017年国家精品在线开放课程认定工作的通知[The Notice from the Ministry of Education’s General Office on the Recognition of National High Quality Open Online Courses in 2017]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s5664/moe_1623/s3843/201707/t20170728_310304.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, January 15).教育部推出首批490门“国家精品在线开放课程”情况介绍[The Ministry of Education Introduced the First Batch of 490 National High Quality Open Online Courses]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2018n/xwfb_20180115/sfcl/201801/t20180112_324462.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, April 18). 教育部关于印发《教育信息化2.0行动计划》的通知[The Ministry of Education announced the “Education informationalization 2.0 action plan”]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/s3342/201804/t20180425_334188.html
Ministry of Education. (2018, October 17).加快建设高水平本科教育全面提高人才培养能力[Expedite the development of quality undergraduate education and comprehensively enhance the capacity of educating talents]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s271/201810/t20181017_351821.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, February 22).教育部2019年工作要点[Ministry of Education Work Priorities for 2019]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201902/t20190222_370722.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, March 27). 2018年度我国出国留学人员情况统计 [2018 statistics of Chinese going overseas for education]. Retrieved from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201903/t20190327_375704.html
Ministry of Education. (2019, April 12). 2018年来华留学统计[2018 foreign students statistics].Retrieved fromhttp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201904/t20190412_377692.html
Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development.(2018).Education at a Glance 2018: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en
Qayyum, A., Zipf, S., Gungor, R., &Dillon, J. (2019). Financial aid and student persistence in online education in the United States. Distance Education, 40(1), 20-31.
Qiu, W. (2017). 高等教育慕课市场的学分认定机制[Mechanisms of credit award for MOOCs in higher education markets]. Open Education Research, 23(2), 64-74.
Sharma, R. C. (2018). Is open and distance education ready for the digital innovations? Distance Education in China, 8, pp. 31-45. DOI：10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.20180525.001
State Council. (2017). 国务院关于印发国家教育事业发展“十三五”规划的通知
[The State Council announced the national education development plan “the 13th 5 year plan”]. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-01/19/content_5161341.htm
Sun, Y. (2016, September 1). 直播能否助力在线教育?[Will live broadcasting facilitate online education?]. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 8.
Sun, H., Zheng, Q., & Chen, L. (2016).中国MOOCs教学交互状况调查研究[A survey of MOOC instructional interaction in China]. Open Education Research, 22(1), 72-79.
Tang, H., &Carr-Chellman, A. (2016). Massive open online course and educational equality in China: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Educational Technology Development andExchange, 9(1), 49-66.
Trehan. S., Sanzgiri, J., Chenxi, L., Rongsbeng, W., & Joshi, R. M. (2017).
Wang, L. (2011). 开放教育资源的社会化分析[A socialization analysis of open education resources]. Distance Education in China, 7.
Wu, D. (2018). 让在线教育回归教育的本质[Let online education return to its nature]. Retrieved from
Xu, H. (2016). Background, developments, and trends of open distance education in China. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/OECDEDU/open-distance-education-in-china-trends-and-developments-by-haixia-xu-chinese-ministry-of-education
Xu, J.,& Rees, T. (2016). Distance learning course design expectations in China and the United Kingdom. American Journal of Distance Education, 30(4), 250-263.
Yang, G. (2016). MOOC用户持续使用行为影响因素研究[A study of factors that influence learners’ continued use of MOOC]. Open Education Research, 22(1), 100-111.
Yin, B., Zheng, Q., & Chen, L. (2016). 中国MOOCs证书授予及学分认定调查研究[A survey of MOOCs certification and accreditation in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 30-37.
Young, J. (2019). Article in journal ‘Science’ argues MOOC participation is declining as providers pivot. EdSurge. Retrieved fromhttps://www.edsurge.com/news/2019-01-10-article-in-journal-science-argues-mooc-participation-is-declining-as-providers-pivot
Yue, H., & Cao, K. (2019). 数读2018年全国教育事业发展基本情况[Understanding 2018 national education development data]. Retrieved from http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0226/c1006-30903614.html
Zhang, M., Yin, S., Luo, L.,& Yan, W. (2017). Learner control, user characteristics, platform difference, and their role in adoption intention for MOOC learning in China.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(1), 114-133.
Zhao, A. (2015, October 13). Chinese MOOCs have students from 126 countries and economies. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 4.
Zhao, X. (2015, November 30). Chinese MOOCAP is launched. People’s Daily Overseas Edition, 4.
Zheng, Q., Chen, Y., & Chen, L. (2016). 中国MOOCs学习者学习素养调查研究[A survey of MOOC learners’ competency in China]. Open Education Research, 22(2), 38-45.