The Leadership Role for Turkey in Regional Distance Education
Main Article Content
Abstract
This Paper reports the distance education practices in Turkey, and then examines and discusses the role of leadership which should be undertaken by Turkey in the regions of Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Baltic, Turkic, Caucasian, the Middle East and northern Africa. International distance education organizations in the world are not well organized and functional in this area, nor are the regional distance education institutions in the name of educational institutionalism. To fill this gap, it is argued here that Turkey take a leadership role in the distance education field in this region and thereby organize the practices of the regional countries for their mutual co-prosperity and benefits. The structure of the potential distance education organization and the regulations of the organization is discussed in more detail based on this argument and available freely online at http://www.midasebook.com. The suggested name for this regional group is ICDEEEWA (International Council for Distance Education for Eastern Europe and West Asia). A draft of the constitution of the recommended association is presented and discussed at http://www.midasebook.com.
Article Details
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DEMIRAY , U. (2012). The Leadership Role for Turkey in Regional Distance Education . Asian Journal of Distance Education, 10(2), 14-35. Retrieved from http://asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/196
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The work published in AjDE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence (CC-BY).
References
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Demirci, B.B., Yamamoto, T.G., & Demiray, U. (2011). Türkiye’de eOgrenme: Gelismeler ve Uygulamalar II [e-Learning in Turkey: Development and applications II]. Eskisehir: Anadolu Universitesi. Demiray, U. (2010). Cases on challenges facing e-learning and national development: Institutional studies and practices: Volume I - Volume II, with co-editors. Retrieved May 19, 2012 from. http://www.midasebook.com Demiray, U., & Sever, N.S. (2009). The challenges for marketing distance education in online environment: An integrated approach. Eski ş ehir: Anadolu University, Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED505126 or http://www.midasebook.com Demiray, U., & Sever, N.S. (Eds.) (2011). Marketing online education programs: Frameworks for promotion and communication. Hershey, PA : IGI Global. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160. DiMaggio, P.J. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L.G. Zucker (Ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment, (pp. 3-22). Cambridge, MA : Ballinger. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1991). Introduction. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis, (pp. 1 -38). Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. Engle, D.E., Mah, J.J., & Sadri, G. (1997). An empirical comparison of entrepreneurs and employees: Implications for innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 10 (1), 45-49. Entz, S. (2006). Why pedagogy matters : The importance of teaching in a standardsbased environment. Urbana, IL : The Forum on Public Policy. Fligstein, N. (1997). Social skill and institutional theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 397-405. Folkers, D.A. (2005). Competing in the marketspace: Incorporating online education into higher education: An organizational perspective. Information Resources Management Journal, 18 (1), 6178. Garrison, R. (1993). Quality and access in distance education : Theoretical considerations. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education, (pp. 9-21). NY : Routledge. Garud, R., Jain, S., & Kumaraswamy, A. (2002). Institutional entrepreneurship in the sponsorship of common technological standards : the case of Sun Microsystems and Java. Academy of Management Journal, 45 (1), 196-214. Greenwood, R., Suddaby, R., & Hinings, C.R. (2002). Theorizing change : The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 58 80. Hale, C.L. (1999). Effect of formal training on the transformational leadership behaviors of superintendents. [Ed.D. dissertation]. CA : University of La Verne. Hoffman, A.J. (1999). Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the US chemical industry. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 351-371. Holm, P. (1995). The dynamics of institutionalization: Transformation processes in Norwegian fisheries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 398422. Holmberg, B. (1983) Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives, (pp.114 –210). New York : Croom Helm. Keohane, R.O. (1989). International institutions and state power: Essays in international relations theory. Boulder, CO : Westview. Kirton, M.J. (1976). Adaptor and innovators : A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629. Kotter, J.P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA : Harvard Business School. Kouzes, J.M., & Posner, B.Z. (2003). The leadership challenge (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Lawrence, T.B., Winn, M.I., & Jennings, P.D. (2001). The temporal dynamics of institutionalization. Academy of Management Review, 26, 624-644. Leblebici, H., Salancik, G.R., Copay, A., & King, T. (1991). Institutional change and the transformation of interorganizational fields: An organizational history of the U.S. radio broadcasting industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 333-363. Lippit, G. (1973). Visualizing change: model building and the change process. Virginia : NTL Resources Corporation. Maguire, S., Hardy, C., & Lawrence, T.B. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields : HIV / AIDS treatment
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advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 657-679. McFarlane, D.A. (2010). Principals’ perceptions of superintendents’ leadership practices and its impact on school climate in selected South Florida public school district areas. Ed.D. Dissertation. Miami Gardens, FL : St. Thomas University. McFarlane, D.A. (2011). The leadership roles of distance learning administrators (DLAs) in increasing educational value and quality perceptions, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration-OJDLA. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spri ng141/McFarlane141.html McIsaac, M., Murphy. L.K., & Demiray, U. (1988). Examining distance education in Turkey. Journal of Distance Education, 9 (1), 106-119. Meyer, J.W., Boli, J., Thomas, G.M., & Ramirez, F.O. (1997). World society and the nation-state. American Journal of Sociology, 103 (1), 144-181. Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York : Harper Row. Moroney, P. (2007). Continuing education leadership matrix : A model for practitioners in higher education. Revue Canadienne De L’éducation Permanente Universitaire, 33 (1). Moore, M. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education, (pp.22 38). New York : Routledge, Morey, A.I. (2004). Globalization and the emergence of for-profit higher education. Higher Education, 48 (1), 131-150. Moore, M.G. & Anderson, W.G. (2003). Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. Msweli, P. (2012). Mapping the interplay between open distance learning and internationalisation principles. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13 (3), 97-116. Oakes, L., Townley, B., & Cooper, D. J. (1998). Business planning as pedagogy: Language and control in a changing institutional field. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 257292. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16, 145-179. Oliver, C. (1992). The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Organization Studies, 13, 563-588. Perraton, H. (2007). Open and distance learning
in the developing world, (2nd edn). London : Routledge. Peters, O. (1994). Distance education and industrial production : A comparative interpretation in outline. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Otto Peters on distance education : The industrialization of teaching and learning, (pp. 107-127). London : Routledge, Peters, O. (1999). The University of the future : Pedagogical perspectives. Proceeding of the 19th World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Vienna, Austria. Portugal, M.L. (2006). Emerging leadership roles in distance education: Current state of affairs and forecasting future trends. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 9 (3). Retrieved February 2, 2012 from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall 93/portugal93.htm Rajasingham, L. (2011). New challenges facing universities in the Internet-Driven global environment. European Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning. Retrieved August 21, 2011, from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?article=430 Scott, W.R. (2001). Institutions and organizations, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Schneiberg, M., & Clemens, E. (2006). The typical tools for the job: Research strategies in institutional analysis. In W.W. Powell & D.L. Jones (Eds.), How institutions change. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. Sewart, D. (1984). Individualizing support services. In J. Daniel, M. Stroudh, & J.
Thompson (Eds.), Learning at a distance : A world perspective, ( pp. 27-29). Edmonton, AB : Athabasca University Press. Sherry, L. (1995). Issues in distance learning. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1 (4), 337-365. Skarzynski, P., & Gibson, G. (2008). Innovation to the core : A blueprint for transforming the way your company innovates. Boston, MA : Harvard Business School. Suchman, M.C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571611. Thomas, B.L., & Roy, S. (2006). lnstitutions and institutional work. In R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T.B. Lawrence, & W.R. Nord. (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies, (2nd ed), (pp.215-254). London : Sage.
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Towhidi, A. (2010). Distance education technologies and media utilization in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 7 (8). Retrieved January 4, 2011, http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Aug_10/article0 1.htm Ulukan, C. (2005). Transformation of university organizations: Leadership and managerial implications. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 6 (4), 75-94. Valentine, D. (2002). Distance learning: Promises, problems, and possibilities. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 5 (3). Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall 53/valentine53.html Visser, J. (2003). Distance education in the perspective of global issues and concerns. In M.G. Moore, & W.G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Washington, M., & Ventresca, M.J. (2004). How organizations change : The role of institutional support mechanisms in the incorporation of higher education visibility strategies, 1874-1995. Organization Science, 15 (1), 82-97. Wendt, A. (1994). Collective identity formation and the international state. The American Political Science Review, 88 (2), 384-396. Yamamoto, G.T. (2009). M -learning concepts and reflections. Paper presented at mlife 2009, September 2-4, Barcelona, Spain. Zilber, T. (2002). Institutionalization as an interplay between actions, meanings and actors : The case of a rape crisis center in Israel. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 234-254. Zucker, L.G. (1996). Where do institutional patterns come from ? Organizations as actors in social systems. In L.G. Zucker. (Ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations, (pp. 23 -52). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
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Demirci, B.B., Yamamoto, T.G., & Demiray, U. (2011). Türkiye’de eOgrenme: Gelismeler ve Uygulamalar II [e-Learning in Turkey: Development and applications II]. Eskisehir: Anadolu Universitesi. Demiray, U. (2010). Cases on challenges facing e-learning and national development: Institutional studies and practices: Volume I - Volume II, with co-editors. Retrieved May 19, 2012 from. http://www.midasebook.com Demiray, U., & Sever, N.S. (2009). The challenges for marketing distance education in online environment: An integrated approach. Eski ş ehir: Anadolu University, Retrieved from ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED505126 or http://www.midasebook.com Demiray, U., & Sever, N.S. (Eds.) (2011). Marketing online education programs: Frameworks for promotion and communication. Hershey, PA : IGI Global. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160. DiMaggio, P.J. (1988). Interest and agency in institutional theory. In L.G. Zucker (Ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment, (pp. 3-22). Cambridge, MA : Ballinger. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1991). Introduction. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis, (pp. 1 -38). Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. Engle, D.E., Mah, J.J., & Sadri, G. (1997). An empirical comparison of entrepreneurs and employees: Implications for innovation. Creativity Research Journal, 10 (1), 45-49. Entz, S. (2006). Why pedagogy matters : The importance of teaching in a standardsbased environment. Urbana, IL : The Forum on Public Policy. Fligstein, N. (1997). Social skill and institutional theory. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 397-405. Folkers, D.A. (2005). Competing in the marketspace: Incorporating online education into higher education: An organizational perspective. Information Resources Management Journal, 18 (1), 6178. Garrison, R. (1993). Quality and access in distance education : Theoretical considerations. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education, (pp. 9-21). NY : Routledge. Garud, R., Jain, S., & Kumaraswamy, A. (2002). Institutional entrepreneurship in the sponsorship of common technological standards : the case of Sun Microsystems and Java. Academy of Management Journal, 45 (1), 196-214. Greenwood, R., Suddaby, R., & Hinings, C.R. (2002). Theorizing change : The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 58 80. Hale, C.L. (1999). Effect of formal training on the transformational leadership behaviors of superintendents. [Ed.D. dissertation]. CA : University of La Verne. Hoffman, A.J. (1999). Institutional evolution and change: Environmentalism and the US chemical industry. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 351-371. Holm, P. (1995). The dynamics of institutionalization: Transformation processes in Norwegian fisheries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 398422. Holmberg, B. (1983) Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives, (pp.114 –210). New York : Croom Helm. Keohane, R.O. (1989). International institutions and state power: Essays in international relations theory. Boulder, CO : Westview. Kirton, M.J. (1976). Adaptor and innovators : A description and measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 622-629. Kotter, J.P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA : Harvard Business School. Kouzes, J.M., & Posner, B.Z. (2003). The leadership challenge (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass. Lawrence, T.B., Winn, M.I., & Jennings, P.D. (2001). The temporal dynamics of institutionalization. Academy of Management Review, 26, 624-644. Leblebici, H., Salancik, G.R., Copay, A., & King, T. (1991). Institutional change and the transformation of interorganizational fields: An organizational history of the U.S. radio broadcasting industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 333-363. Lippit, G. (1973). Visualizing change: model building and the change process. Virginia : NTL Resources Corporation. Maguire, S., Hardy, C., & Lawrence, T.B. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields : HIV / AIDS treatment
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advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 657-679. McFarlane, D.A. (2010). Principals’ perceptions of superintendents’ leadership practices and its impact on school climate in selected South Florida public school district areas. Ed.D. Dissertation. Miami Gardens, FL : St. Thomas University. McFarlane, D.A. (2011). The leadership roles of distance learning administrators (DLAs) in increasing educational value and quality perceptions, Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration-OJDLA. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spri ng141/McFarlane141.html McIsaac, M., Murphy. L.K., & Demiray, U. (1988). Examining distance education in Turkey. Journal of Distance Education, 9 (1), 106-119. Meyer, J.W., Boli, J., Thomas, G.M., & Ramirez, F.O. (1997). World society and the nation-state. American Journal of Sociology, 103 (1), 144-181. Mintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York : Harper Row. Moroney, P. (2007). Continuing education leadership matrix : A model for practitioners in higher education. Revue Canadienne De L’éducation Permanente Universitaire, 33 (1). Moore, M. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education, (pp.22 38). New York : Routledge, Morey, A.I. (2004). Globalization and the emergence of for-profit higher education. Higher Education, 48 (1), 131-150. Moore, M.G. & Anderson, W.G. (2003). Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum. Msweli, P. (2012). Mapping the interplay between open distance learning and internationalisation principles. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13 (3), 97-116. Oakes, L., Townley, B., & Cooper, D. J. (1998). Business planning as pedagogy: Language and control in a changing institutional field. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 257292. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16, 145-179. Oliver, C. (1992). The antecedents of deinstitutionalization. Organization Studies, 13, 563-588. Perraton, H. (2007). Open and distance learning
in the developing world, (2nd edn). London : Routledge. Peters, O. (1994). Distance education and industrial production : A comparative interpretation in outline. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Otto Peters on distance education : The industrialization of teaching and learning, (pp. 107-127). London : Routledge, Peters, O. (1999). The University of the future : Pedagogical perspectives. Proceeding of the 19th World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Vienna, Austria. Portugal, M.L. (2006). Emerging leadership roles in distance education: Current state of affairs and forecasting future trends. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 9 (3). Retrieved February 2, 2012 from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall 93/portugal93.htm Rajasingham, L. (2011). New challenges facing universities in the Internet-Driven global environment. European Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning. Retrieved August 21, 2011, from http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?article=430 Scott, W.R. (2001). Institutions and organizations, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Schneiberg, M., & Clemens, E. (2006). The typical tools for the job: Research strategies in institutional analysis. In W.W. Powell & D.L. Jones (Eds.), How institutions change. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press. Sewart, D. (1984). Individualizing support services. In J. Daniel, M. Stroudh, & J.
Thompson (Eds.), Learning at a distance : A world perspective, ( pp. 27-29). Edmonton, AB : Athabasca University Press. Sherry, L. (1995). Issues in distance learning. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1 (4), 337-365. Skarzynski, P., & Gibson, G. (2008). Innovation to the core : A blueprint for transforming the way your company innovates. Boston, MA : Harvard Business School. Suchman, M.C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571611. Thomas, B.L., & Roy, S. (2006). lnstitutions and institutional work. In R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T.B. Lawrence, & W.R. Nord. (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies, (2nd ed), (pp.215-254). London : Sage.
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Towhidi, A. (2010). Distance education technologies and media utilization in higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 7 (8). Retrieved January 4, 2011, http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Aug_10/article0 1.htm Ulukan, C. (2005). Transformation of university organizations: Leadership and managerial implications. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 6 (4), 75-94. Valentine, D. (2002). Distance learning: Promises, problems, and possibilities. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 5 (3). Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall 53/valentine53.html Visser, J. (2003). Distance education in the perspective of global issues and concerns. In M.G. Moore, & W.G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Washington, M., & Ventresca, M.J. (2004). How organizations change : The role of institutional support mechanisms in the incorporation of higher education visibility strategies, 1874-1995. Organization Science, 15 (1), 82-97. Wendt, A. (1994). Collective identity formation and the international state. The American Political Science Review, 88 (2), 384-396. Yamamoto, G.T. (2009). M -learning concepts and reflections. Paper presented at mlife 2009, September 2-4, Barcelona, Spain. Zilber, T. (2002). Institutionalization as an interplay between actions, meanings and actors : The case of a rape crisis center in Israel. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 234-254. Zucker, L.G. (1996). Where do institutional patterns come from ? Organizations as actors in social systems. In L.G. Zucker. (Ed.), Institutional patterns and organizations, (pp. 23 -52). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.